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Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. [1] Coal is a type of fossil fuel, formed when dead plant matter decays into peat which is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. [2]
A coal ball is a type of concretion, varying in shape from an imperfect sphere to a flat-lying, irregular slab.Coal balls were formed in Carboniferous Period swamps and mires, when peat was prevented from being turned into coal by the high amount of calcite surrounding the peat; the calcite caused it to be turned into stone instead.
The Allegheny Group, often termed the Allegheny Formation, [2] is a Pennsylvanian-age geological unit in the Appalachian Plateau. It is a major coal -bearing unit in the eastern United States , extending through western and central Pennsylvania , western Maryland and West Virginia , and southeastern Ohio .
The Appalachian Basin is one of the most important coal producing regions in the U.S. and one of the largest in the world. Bituminous coal has been mined throughout the last three centuries. Currently, the coal primarily is used within the eastern U.S. or exported for electrical power generation, but some of it is suitable for metallurgical ...
Seatearth is a British coal mining term that is used in the geological literature. As noted by Jackson, [ 1 ] a seatearth is the layer of sedimentary rock underlying a coal seam. Seatearths have also been called seat earth , "seat rock", or "seat stone" in the geologic literature.
The Pottsville Formation consists of a gray conglomerate, fine to coarse grained sandstone, and is known to contain limestone, siltstone and shale, as well as anthracite and bituminous coal. [4] [5] It is considered a classic orogenic molasse. [6] The formation was first described from a railroad cut south of Pottsville, Pennsylvania. [4]
The Monongahela Formation is a geologic formation in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Maryland. It is dated to the Carboniferous period . The top of the group is marked by the Waynesburg Coal (No. 11 Coal) and its base is marked by the Pittsburgh coal seam (No. 8 Coal).
Coal bed A is present from 30 to 65 feet above the base of the formation, and as a single bed, is as thick as 20 feet locally. Elsewhere in the coal field, coal bed A splits into two coal beds separated by about 8 feet of rock; in more extreme cases, the bed splits into a series of four to five thin coal beds separated by rock partings.