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Bradykinin (BK) (from Greek brady-'slow' + -kinin, kīn(eîn) 'to move') is a peptide that promotes inflammation.It causes arterioles to dilate (enlarge) via the release of prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and makes veins constrict, via prostaglandin F2, thereby leading to leakage into capillary beds, due to the increased pressure in the capillaries.
Inhibition of ACE with ACE inhibitors leads to decreased conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor) but also to an increase in bradykinin due to decreased degradation. This explains why some patients taking ACE inhibitors develop a dry cough, and some react with angioedema, a dangerous swelling of the head and neck region.
A persistent dry cough is a relatively common adverse effect believed to be associated with the increases in bradykinin levels produced by ACE inhibitors, although the role of bradykinin in producing these symptoms has been disputed. [24] Many cases of cough in people on ACE inhibitors may not be from the medication itself, however. [25]
Bradykinin receptor B1 (B 1) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the BDKRB1 gene in humans. Its principal ligand is bradykinin, a 9 amino acid peptide generated in pathophysiologic conditions such as inflammation, trauma, burns, shock, and allergy.
Elite athletes know that raking themselves over the coals for a mistake or a loss is a counter-productive waste of energy. Six-time Olympic downhill ski racer Sarah Schleper told me, “Ski racing ...
Angiotensin II receptor blockers are used primarily for the treatment of hypertension where the patient is intolerant of ACE inhibitor therapy primarily because of persistent and/or dry cough. [6] They do not inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin or other kinins , and are thus only rarely associated with the persistent dry cough and/or angioedema ...
Metformin itself isn’t thought to cause hair loss, but type 2 diabetes and PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) — the conditions it’s prescribed to treat — can cause hair loss.
Beyond weight loss, berberine also has a few other possible, intriguing benefits. Recent research has investigated berberine’s role in supporting heart health and lowering blood sugar levels ...