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Figure 1B: Low-pass filter (1st-order, one-pole) Bode magnitude plot (top) and Bode phase plot (bottom). The red data curve is approximated by the straight black line. In electrical engineering and control theory, a Bode plot is a graph of the frequency response of a system.
The root locus plots the poles of the closed loop transfer function in the complex s-plane as a function of a gain parameter (see pole–zero plot). Evans also invented in 1948 an analog computer to compute root loci, called a "Spirule" (after "spiral" and "slide rule"); it found wide use before the advent of digital computers.
A pole-zero plot shows the location in the complex plane of the poles and zeros of the transfer function of a dynamic system, such as a controller, compensator, sensor, equalizer, filter, or communications channel. By convention, the poles of the system are indicated in the plot by an X while the zeros are indicated by a circle or O.
Bode plot illustrating phase margin. In electronic amplifiers, the phase margin (PM) is the difference between the phase lag φ (< 0) and -180°, for an amplifier's output signal (relative to its input) at zero dB gain - i.e. unity gain, or that the output signal has the same amplitude as the input.
The procedure outlined in the Bode plot article is followed. Figure 5 is the Bode gain plot for the two-pole amplifier in the range of frequencies up to the second pole position. The assumption behind Figure 5 is that the frequency f 0 dB lies between the lowest pole at f 1 = 1/(2πτ 1) and the second pole at f 2 = 1/(2πτ 2). As indicated in ...
Tools include the root locus, the Nyquist stability criterion, the Bode plot, the gain margin and phase margin. More advanced tools include Bode integrals to assess performance limitations and trade-offs, and describing functions to analyze nonlinearities in the frequency domain.
The cutoff frequency of the TM 01 mode (next higher from dominant mode TE 11) in a waveguide of circular cross-section (the transverse-magnetic mode with no angular dependence and lowest radial dependence) is given by = =, where is the radius of the waveguide, and is the first root of (), the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1.
For t = −2 − 23 the first-order approximation 20 − t·20 19 /19! = 25.137... to the perturbed root 20.84... is terrible; this is even more obvious for the root α 19 where the perturbed root has a large imaginary part but the first-order approximation (and for that matter all higher-order approximations) are real.