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A paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites (including the head, neck, thorax and abdomen). When the same type of tumor is found in the adrenal gland, they are referred to as a pheochromocytoma.
The Pacak-Zhuang syndrome is a recently described disease manifestation in females that includes multiple paragangliomas or pheochromocytomas and somatostatinomas (in some), both neuroendocrine tumors, and secondary polycythemia associated with high erythropoietin levels.
Micrograph highlighting the sustentacular cells in a paraganglioma. S100 immunostain. A sustentacular cell is a type of cell primarily associated with structural support, they can be found in various tissues.
The S100 proteins are a family of low molecular-weight proteins found in vertebrates characterized by two calcium-binding sites that have helix-loop-helix ("EF-hand-type") conformation. At least 21 different S100 proteins are known. [1] They are encoded by a family of genes whose symbols use the S100 prefix, for example, S100A1, S100A2, S100A3.
A gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare tumour that is typically found in the duodenum and consists of three components: (1) ganglion cells, (2) epithelioid cells (paraganglioma-like) and, (3) spindle cells (schwannoma-like).
An additional benefit of the DOTA analogues is the ability for treatment with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, which will be discussed in the treatment section below. [ 98 ] Also, HED-PET has shown to be an accurate tool to diagnose and rule out pheochromocytoma in complex clinical scenarios and to characterise equivocal adrenal tumours.
It is concluded that extracellular S100A4 inhibition is an attractive approach for the treatment of human cancer. [ 9 ] S100A4 is highly associated with components of the cytoskeleton and when this gene is upregulated, it changes the cell’s morphology, making it more susceptible to invasion from proteins, such as cathepsin B and cyclin B1 ...
S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10), also known as p11, is a protein [5] that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species. [6] [7] S100A10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range ...