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The most common therapies for secondary polycythemia are phlebotomies [9] and, for paraganglioma and/or somatostatinoma in this cohort of patients, surgery accompanied by antihypertensive medication. [1] HIF-2α inhibitor belzutifan led to substantial improvement of symptoms in a patient with Pacak–Zhuang syndrome. [10]
Most paragangliomas are asymptomatic, present as a painless mass, or create symptoms such as hypertension, tachycardia, headache, and palpitations. [3] While all contain neurosecretory granules, only in 1–3% of cases is secretion of hormones such as catecholamines abundant enough to be clinically significant; in that case manifestations often resemble those of pheochromocytomas (intra ...
Micrograph highlighting the sustentacular cells in a paraganglioma. S100 immunostain. A sustentacular cell is a type of cell primarily associated with structural support, they can be found in various tissues.
Any symptoms will depend upon the tumor's location and the nearby organs affected. [citation needed] For example, a tumor in the chest area may cause breathing difficulty, chest pain, and trachea compression. If the tumor is located lower in the abdomen, it may cause abdominal pain and bloating.
A gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare tumour that is typically found in the duodenum and consists of three components: (1) ganglion cells, (2) epithelioid cells (paraganglioma-like) and, (3) spindle cells (schwannoma-like).
An additional benefit of the DOTA analogues is the ability for treatment with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, which will be discussed in the treatment section below. [ 98 ] Also, HED-PET has shown to be an accurate tool to diagnose and rule out pheochromocytoma in complex clinical scenarios and to characterise equivocal adrenal tumours.
It is concluded that extracellular S100A4 inhibition is an attractive approach for the treatment of human cancer. [ 9 ] S100A4 is highly associated with components of the cytoskeleton and when this gene is upregulated, it changes the cell’s morphology, making it more susceptible to invasion from proteins, such as cathepsin B and cyclin B1 ...
[1] [2] Patients observe these symptoms and seek medical advice from healthcare professionals. Because most people are not diagnostically trained or knowledgeable, they typically describe their symptoms in layman's terms, rather than using specific medical terminology. This list is not exhaustive.