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Acantholysis is the loss of intercellular connections, such as desmosomes, resulting in loss of cohesion between keratinocytes, [1] seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris. [2] It is absent in bullous pemphigoid , making it useful for differential diagnosis .
Schnitzler syndrome or Schnitzler's syndrome is a rare disease characterised by onset around middle age of chronic hives (urticaria) and periodic fever, bone and joint pain (sometimes with joint inflammation), weight loss, malaise, fatigue, swollen lymph glands and enlarged spleen and liver. [1] [2]
The cause of the disease is a haploinsufficiency of the enzyme ATP2C1; [7] the ATP2C1 gene is located on chromosome 3, which encodes the protein hSPCA1.A mutation on one copy of the gene causes only half of this necessary protein to be made and the cells of the skin do not adhere together properly due to malformation of intercellular desmosomes, causing acantholysis, blisters and rashes.
Histopathological image of dyshidrotic dermatitis, showing focal spongiotic change in the epidermis. Spongiosis is mainly intercellular [1] edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid) in the epidermis, [2] and is characteristic of eczematous dermatitis, manifested clinically by intraepidermal vesicles (fluid-containing spaces), "juicy" papules, and/or lichenification. [3]
[3] [4] Chronic pain is considered a syndrome because of the associated symptoms that develop in those experiencing this disorder. [5] Chronic pain affects approximately 20% of people worldwide and accounts for 15–20% of visits to a physician. [3] Pain can be categorized according to its location, cause, or the anatomical system which it affects.
Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) is a nerve entrapment condition that causes chronic pain of the abdominal wall. [1] It occurs when nerve endings of the lower thoracic intercostal nerves (7–12) are 'entrapped' in abdominal muscles, causing a severe localized nerve (neuropathic) pain that is usually experienced at the front of the abdomen.
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS type 1 and type 2), sometimes referred to by the hyponyms reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or reflex neurovascular dystrophy (RND), is a rare and severe form of neuroinflammatory and dysautonomic disorder causing chronic pain, neurovascular, and neuropathic symptoms.
Between 36 and 149 months after the stimulations, the patients were interviewed. 6 of the 8 had received initial pain relief, and three experienced long-term pain relief. Spinal cord stimulation is cheaper than brain stimulation and less invasive, and is thus a more promising option for pain treatment.