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According to research conducted in Australia by Kelly Richards on child sexual abuse, 35.1% of female victims were abused by another male relative and 16.4% of male victims were abused by another male relative. Male relatives were found to be the most relevant predators in the case of both gender. [157]
Men and women reported similar prevalences for each ACE, with the exception of sexual abuse (17.2% for women and 6.7% for men), living with a mentally ill household member (22.0% for women and 16.7% for men), and living with a substance-abusing family member (30.6% for women and 27.5% for men).
Sexual victimization of juveniles plays a strong role in developing their sexually abusive behavior. According to an analysis of the relationship between sexual behavior problems and child sexual abuse done by Darkness to Light, children who have been sexually abused have more than three times as many sexual behavior problems as children who have not been sexually abused. [4]
For instance, a case control study in Australia on the long-term impact of abuse reported significant associations between child sexual abuse and experiencing rape, sexual and mental health problems, domestic violence and other problems in intimate relationships even after accounting for various family background characteristics. [13]
According to a study by the CDC and Department of Justice, 83% of rape victims interviewed were under the age of 25, and 54% were under the age of 18. 1 in 6 women had been raped in the study, and 1 in 33 men. [75] 1 in 5 women and 1 in 7 men who have experienced sexual violence first experienced that through dating violence as a teen. [76]
Despite these limitations, international studies show that a quarter of all adults report experiencing physical abuse as children, and that 1 in 5 women and 1 in 13 men report experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Emotional abuse and neglect are also common childhood experiences. [198]
In Zimbabwe, a retrospective study of reported cases of child sexual abuse over an 8-year period (1990 to 1997) found high rates of sexual abuse committed by teachers in rural primary schools. Many of the victims were girls between 11 and 13 years of age and penetrative sex was the most prevalent type of sexual abuse. [52]
While society targets secondary victimization mainly towards women, male victims can also feel shameful, or experience a loss of purity. [36] Secondary victimization is the re-traumatization of the sexual assault, abuse, or rape victim through the responses of individuals and institutions.