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  2. Translation (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)

    A ribosome is made up of two subunits, a small subunit, and a large subunit. These subunits come together before the translation of mRNA into a protein to provide a location for translation to be carried out and a polypeptide to be produced. [3] The choice of amino acid type to add is determined by a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Each amino ...

  3. Eukaryotic translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation

    Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping.

  4. Translational regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_regulation

    When some of these proteins are down-regulated through stresses, translation initiation is reduced by inhibiting cap dependent initiation, the activation of translation by binding eIF4E to the 5' 7-methylguanylate cap. eIF2 is responsible for coordinating the interaction between the Met-tRNA i Met and the P-site of the ribosome.

  5. Post-translational modification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational...

    In molecular biology, post-translational modification (PTM) is the covalent process of changing proteins following protein biosynthesis. PTMs may involve enzymes or occur spontaneously. Proteins are created by ribosomes , which translate mRNA into polypeptide chains , which may then change to form the mature protein product.

  6. Initiation factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation_factor

    In molecular biology, initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis. [ 1 ] Initiation factors can interact with repressors to slow down or prevent translation.

  7. Transcriptional regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation

    Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in multicellular eukaryotes, as studied in evolutionary developmental biology.

  8. Biosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis

    During translation, genetic material called mRNA is read by ribosomes to generate a protein polypeptide chain. [53] This process requires transfer RNA (tRNA) which serves as an adaptor by binding amino acids on one end and interacting with mRNA at the other end; the latter pairing between the tRNA and mRNA ensures that the correct amino acid is ...

  9. Protein metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_metabolism

    Translation can be downregulated by miRNAs (microRNAs). These RNA strands can cleave mRNA strands they are complementary to and will thus stop translation. [15] Translation can also be regulated via helper proteins. For example, a protein called eukaryotic initiation factor-2 can bind to the smaller subunit of the ribosome, starting translation.