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Where t is the solidification time, V is the volume of the casting, A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold, n is a constant, [clarification needed] and B is the mold constant. This relationship can be expressed more simply as: = Where the modulus M is the ratio of the casting's volume to its surface area:
The Bulk Richardson Number (BRN) is an approximation of the Gradient Richardson number. [1] The BRN is a dimensionless ratio in meteorology related to the consumption of turbulence divided by the shear production (the generation of turbulence kinetic energy caused by wind shear) of turbulence.
Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation (elastic response) of a material to an applied stress.They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength.
In meteorology the Ellrod index is a technique for forecasting clear-air turbulence (CAT). It is calculated based on the product of horizontal deformation and vertical wind shear derived from numerical model forecast winds aloft.
Several flow patterns are characteristic of large deformation: confluence, diffluence, and shear flow. Confluence, also known as stretching, is the elongating of a fluid body along the flow (streamline convergence). Diffluence, also known as shearing, is the elongating of a fluid body normal to the flow (streamline divergence). [1]
The critical shear stress and also the critical Shields number (and ) describe the conditions when the sediment starts moving. Note that the shear stress is a property of the current, while the critical shear stress is a property of the sediment.
Where: , , and are material coefficients: is the viscosity at zero shear rate (Pa.s), is the viscosity at infinite shear rate (Pa.s), is the characteristic time (s) and power index. The dynamics of fluid motions is an important area of physics, with many important and commercially significant applications.
In aerodynamics, the normal shock tables are a series of tabulated data listing the various properties before and after the occurrence of a normal shock wave. [1] With a given upstream Mach number, the post-shock Mach number can be calculated along with the pressure, density, temperature, and stagnation pressure ratios.