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Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, [7] is a contagious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. [1] Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs , but it can also affect other parts of the body. [ 1 ]
A tuberculoma is a clinical manifestation of tuberculosis which conglomerates tubercles into a firm lump, and so can mimic cancer tumors of many types in medical imaging studies. [1] [2] They often arise within individuals in whom a primary tuberculosis infection is not well controlled. [3]
The disease is not limited to human characters, but can help to achieve grim social realism in a novel. Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle portrays tuberculosis as common among cattle reaching the meat-packing plants of Chicago. Sinclair wrote that "men welcomed tuberculosis in the cattle they were feeding, because it made them fatten more quickly".
A large number of people who survived tuberculosis still experience symptoms such as breathlessness and coughing. Although the severity is not well understood, some people have reduced quality of life and exercise capacity. [4] [2] In severe cases, people may experience hospitalizations and death related to respiratory causes. [2]
The medical history includes obtaining the symptoms of pulmonary TB: productive, prolonged cough of three or more weeks, chest pain, and hemoptysis.Systemic symptoms include low grade remittent fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, easy fatiguability, and production of sputum that starts out mucoid but changes to purulent. [1]
English: Main symptoms of different variants and stages of tuberculosis (See Wikipedia:Tuberculosis), with many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more (but not entirely) specific for certain variants. Multiple variants may be present simultaneously. To discuss image, please see Template talk:Human body diagrams
Financial hardship is associated with higher rates of death, including from cancer, according to March 2024 research in JAMA Network Open that Zheng co-authored. “You have to make the horrible ...
Based on this, the study suggested that M. tuberculosis, like humans, evolved in Africa and subsequently spread with anatomically modern humans out of Africa across the world. By calibrating the mutation rate of M. tuberculosis to match this narrative, the study suggested that MTBC evolved 40,000–70,000 years ago. [ 59 ]