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In animals, exposure through feed can disrupt nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and even affect animal physiology. [1] The most common fungi that produce mycotoxins include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. [2] Some other fungi that are known to produce mycotoxins include Claviceps and Alternaria. [3]
The other primary mycotoxin groups found in mushrooms include: orellanine, monomethylhydrazine, disulfiram-like, hallucinogenic indoles, muscarinic, isoxazole, and gastrointestinal (GI)-specific irritants. [28] The bulk of this article is about mycotoxins that are found in microfungi other than poisons from mushrooms or macroscopic fungi. [21]
Ochratoxin A can cause immunosuppression and immunotoxicity in animals. The toxin's immunosuppressant activity in animals may include depressed antibody responses, reduced size of immune organs (such as the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes), changes in immune cell number and function, and altered cytokine production.
Ochratoxin is a renal carcinogen, which has been found by animals containing OTA. [38] Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin that is produced from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. [38] A type of aflatoxin, AFB1, is the most common mycotoxin that is found in human food and animal feed. [38] AFB1 targets the liver of both humans and animals. [38]
Mycotoxins found in Basidiomycota (1 C, 10 P) T. Trichothecenes (8 P) Pages in category "Mycotoxins" The following 78 pages are in this category, out of 78 total.
Aflatoxin transformation products are sometimes found in eggs, milk products, and meat when animals are fed contaminated grains. [2] [27] A study conducted in Kenya and Mali found that the predominant practices for drying and storage of maize were inadequate in minimizing exposure to aflatoxins. [28]
Mycotoxicology is the branch of mycology that focuses on analyzing and studying the toxins produced by fungi, known as mycotoxins. [1] In the food industry it is important to adopt measures that keep mycotoxin levels as low as practicable, especially those that are heat-stable.
The trichothecene mycotoxins are toxic to humans, other mammals, birds, fish, a variety of invertebrates, plants, and eukaryotic cells. [21] The specific toxicity varies depending on the particular toxin and animal species, however the route of administration plays a significantly higher role in determining lethality.