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Using the Dirac adjoint, the probability four-current J for a spin-1/2 particle field can be written as J μ = c ψ ¯ γ μ ψ {\displaystyle J^{\mu }=c{\bar {\psi }}\gamma ^{\mu }\psi } where c is the speed of light and the components of J represent the probability density ρ and the probability 3-current j :
Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Normally, beams of light pass through each other unperturbed. Inside an optical material, and if the intensity of the beams is high enough, the beams may affect each other through a variety of non-linear ...
Here, 1 / 2 σ μν and F μν stand for the Lorentz group generators in the Dirac space, and the electromagnetic tensor respectively, while A μ is the electromagnetic four-potential. An example for such a particle [9] is the spin 1 / 2 companion to spin 3 / 2 in the D (½,1) ⊕ D (1,½) representation space of the ...
In mathematics and physics, the plate trick, also known as Dirac's string trick (after Paul Dirac, who introduced and popularized it), [1] [2] the belt trick, or the Balinese cup trick (it appears in the Balinese candle dance), is any of several demonstrations of the idea that rotating an object with strings attached to it by 360 degrees does not return the system to its original state, while ...
A spin network state assigns an amplitude to a set of spin half particles tracing out a path in space, merging and splitting. These are described by spin networks γ {\displaystyle \gamma } : the edges are labelled by spins together with 'intertwiners' at the vertices which are prescription for how to sum over different ways the spins are rerouted.
If light pressure were the cause of the rotation, then the better the vacuum in the bulb, the less air resistance to movement, and the faster the vanes should spin. In 1901, with a better vacuum pump, Pyotr Lebedev showed that in fact, the radiometer only works when there is low-pressure gas in the bulb, and the vanes stay motionless in a hard ...
'Superstring theory' is a shorthand for supersymmetric string theory because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that accounts for both fermions and bosons and incorporates supersymmetry to model gravity.
The extension to 2n + 1 (n integer) gamma matrices, is found by placing two gamma-5s after (say) the 2n-th gamma-matrix in the trace, commuting one out to the right (giving a minus sign) and commuting the other gamma-5 2n steps out to the left [with sign change (-1)^2n = 1].
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