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Here, 1 / 2 σ μν and F μν stand for the Lorentz group generators in the Dirac space, and the electromagnetic tensor respectively, while A μ is the electromagnetic four-potential. An example for such a particle [9] is the spin 1 / 2 companion to spin 3 / 2 in the D (½,1) ⊕ D (1,½) representation space of the ...
Sympathetic resonance has been applied to musical instruments from many cultures and time periods, and to string instruments in particular. In instruments with undamped strings (e.g. harps, guitars and kotos), strings will resonate at their fundamental or overtone frequencies when other nearby strings are sounded. For example, an A string at ...
Using the Dirac adjoint, the probability four-current J for a spin-1/2 particle field can be written as J μ = c ψ ¯ γ μ ψ {\displaystyle J^{\mu }=c{\bar {\psi }}\gamma ^{\mu }\psi } where c is the speed of light and the components of J represent the probability density ρ and the probability 3-current j :
By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the human eye is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis.
'Superstring theory' is a shorthand for supersymmetric string theory because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that accounts for both fermions and bosons and incorporates supersymmetry to model gravity.
If light pressure were the cause of the rotation, then the better the vacuum in the bulb, the less air resistance to movement, and the faster the vanes should spin. In 1901, with a better vacuum pump, Pyotr Lebedev showed that in fact, the radiometer only works when there is low-pressure gas in the bulb, and the vanes stay motionless in a hard ...
Inside, a light is shone upwards to a mirror on the ceiling, where the light reflects back down. If the height of the mirror is h, and the speed of light c, then the time it takes for the light to go up and come back down is: = However, to the observer on the ground, the situation is very different.
There are 2 d such products, but only N 2 are independent, spanning the space of N × N matrices. Typically, Γ ab provide the (bi)spinor representation of the 1 / 2 d(d − 1) generators of the higher-dimensional Lorentz group, SO + (1, d − 1), generalizing the 6 matrices σ μν of the spin representation of the Lorentz group in ...
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