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  2. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

    X-ray crystallography is used routinely to determine how a pharmaceutical drug interacts with its protein target and what changes might improve it. [92] However, intrinsic membrane proteins remain challenging to crystallize because they require detergents or other denaturants to solubilize them in isolation, and such detergents often interfere ...

  3. Protein crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_crystallization

    Prior to Bernal and Hodgkin, protein crystallography had only been performed in dry conditions with inconsistent and unreliable results. This is the first X‐ray diffraction pattern of a protein crystal. [8] In 1958, the structure of myoglobin (a red protein containing heme), determined by X-ray crystallography, was first reported by John ...

  4. Isomorphous replacement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphous_replacement

    Isomorphous replacement (IR) is historically the most common approach to solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography studies of proteins.For protein crystals this method is conducted by soaking the crystal of a sample to be analyzed with a heavy atom solution or co-crystallization with the heavy atom.

  5. Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-wavelength...

    Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the structure of proteins or other biological macromolecules by allowing the solution of the phase problem.

  6. Resolution (structural biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(structural...

    As the crystal's repeating unit, its unit cell, becomes larger and more complex, the atomic-level picture provided by X-ray crystallography becomes less well-resolved (more "fuzzy") for a given number of observed reflections. Two limiting cases of X-ray crystallography are often discerned, "small-molecule" and "macromolecular" crystallography.

  7. Molecular replacement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_replacement

    Molecular replacement (MR) [1] is a method of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography.MR relies upon the existence of a previously solved protein structure which is similar to our unknown structure from which the diffraction data is derived.

  8. Bubblegram imaging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubblegram_Imaging

    X-ray crystallography is one of the essential components in bubblegram imaging as it is the process of how X-ray radiation is used to identify structures and surfaces of specimens. The electromagnetic radiation emitted is from the charged electrons being controlled to reveal the patterns formed by the protein.

  9. Resolution by Proxy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_by_Proxy

    In X-ray crystallography, resolution is a measure of the resolvability or precision in the electron density map of a molecule. Resolution is usually reported in Angstroms (Å, 10 –10 meters) for X-ray crystal structures. The smaller the number, the better the degree of atomic resolution.