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In simpler wording: the global surface temperature (GST) is calculated by averaging the temperatures over sea ( sea surface temperature) and land ( surface air temperature ). In comparison, the global mean surface air temperature (GSAT) is the "global average of near-surface air temperatures over land, oceans and sea ice.
The temperature record of the last 2,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 170 years at a global scale. Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures ...
The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972. [ 7] In 2011, a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan. [ 8] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been ...
According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest registered air temperature on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in Death Valley in the United States, on 10 July 1913. [ 1][ 5][ 6] This record was surpassed by a reading of 57.8 °C (136.0 °F), registered on 13 September 1922, in ...
The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, which starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global records start in 1850. [3] Temperatures on other time scales are explained in global surface temperature. Global temperature can have different definitions. There is a small difference between air and ...
According to the website, each monthly issue "contains monthly mean temperature, pressure, precipitation, vapor pressure, and sunshine for approximately 2,000 surface data collection stations worldwide and monthly mean upper air temperatures, dew point depressions, and wind velocities for approximately 500 observing sites.
This is a list of countries and sovereign states by temperature. Average yearly temperature is calculated by averaging the minimum and maximum daily temperatures in the country, averaged for the years 1991 – 2020, from World Bank Group , derived from raw gridded climatologies from the Climatic Research Unit .
Climate models are systems of differential equations based on the basic laws of physics, fluid motion, and chemistry. To "run" a model, scientists divide the planet into a 3-dimensional grid, apply the basic equations, and evaluate the results. Atmospheric models calculate winds, heat transfer, radiation, relative humidity, and surface ...