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2. Lapis lazuli - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_Lazuli

   Lapis lazuli (UK: / ˌ l æ p ɪ s ˈ l æ z (j) ʊ l i, ˈ l æ ʒ ʊ-,-ˌ l i /; US: / ˈ l æ z (j) ə l i, ˈ l æ ʒ ə-,-ˌ l i /), or lapis for short, is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.

3. Birthstone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthstone

   They also replaced December's lapis with zircon and switched the primary/alternative gems for March. The American Gem Trade Association added tanzanite as a December birthstone in 2002. [ 5 ] In 2016, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America added spinel as an additional birthstone for August. [ 6 ]

4. Etched carnelian beads - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etched_carnelian_beads

   The Neo-Sumerian ruler Gudea (c. 2100 BCE), in his Gudea cylinders (cylinder B XIV), mentioned his procurement of "blocks of lapis lazuli and bright carnelian from Meluhha." [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Meluhha is generally identified with the Indus region, and there are no known mentions of Meluhha after 1760 BCE. [ 18 ]

5. Jewellery - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery

   1 necklace with rounded lapis lazuli beads including: 28 rounded lapis lazuli beads, [and] 29 fluted beads for its clasp. [ 41 ] Sumerian necklace beads; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 54 centimetres (21 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art

6. Luminous gemstones - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_gemstones

   In 1735, the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay determined that lapis lazuli, emerald, and aquamarine were luminescent. Josiah Wedgwood, in 1792, found phosphoresce from rubbing together two pieces of quartz or of agate, and wrote that the ruby gives "a beautiful red light of short continuance."

7. Sapphire - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire

   The name sapphire is derived from the Latin word sapphirus, itself from the Greek word sappheiros (σάπφειρος), which referred to lapis lazuli. [2] It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors.