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Phosphate nephropathy or nephrocalcinosis [1] is an adverse renal condition that arises with a formation of phosphate crystals within the kidney's tubules. This renal insufficiency is associated with the use of oral sodium phosphate (OSP) such as C.B. Fleet's Phospho soda and Salix's Visocol, for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy.
Sodium phosphates are popular in commerce in part because they are inexpensive and because they are nontoxic at normal levels of consumption. [4] However, oral sodium phosphates when taken at high doses for bowel preparation for colonoscopy may in some individuals carry a risk of kidney injury under the form of phosphate nephropathy.
Increased serum phosphate levels in CKD is associated with poor bone health, increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Although there isn't enough evidence that dietary restriction of phosphorus leads to decreased serum phosphorus, KDOQI recommends a maximum of 0.8 to 1 g/day intake restriction of dietary phosphorus.
High phosphate levels can be avoided with phosphate binders and dietary restriction of phosphate. [5] If the kidneys are operating normally, a saline diuresis can be induced to renally eliminate the excess phosphate. In extreme cases, the blood can be filtered in a process called hemodialysis, removing the excess phosphate. [5]
Sodium acts as a force that pulls water across membranes, and water moves from places with lower sodium concentration to places with higher sodium concentration. This happens through a process called osmosis. [27] When evaluating sodium imbalances, both total body water and total body sodium must be considered. [3]
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used.[2]When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
Microcosmic salt (see infobox for systematic names) is a salt found in urine with the formula Na(NH 4)HPO 4.It is left behind in the residues after extracting the urea from dried urine crystals with alcohol.
Risk reduction may refer to: Health. Absolute risk reduction or relative risk reduction, statistical descriptors of an intervention. Harm reduction, in public health;