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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
Treatment of wastewater to improve sanitation is a major challenge in developing countries, as untreated wastewater can contaminate drinking water. Anammox bacteria treatments have been implemented in treatment facilities to help convert sewage wastewater into sludge ash , which is then used as a fertilizer source for agriculture. [ 8 ]
Detergent powder containing enzymes. Detergent enzymes are biological enzymes that are used with detergents. They catalyze the reaction between stains and the water solution, thus aiding stain removal and improving efficiency. [1] Laundry detergent enzymes are the largest application of industrial enzymes. [2]
In the 1960s scientists recognized that phosphates in water caused eutrophication. [23] There was disagreement at that time about whether water with high phosphate came to have the chemical because of somehow being polluted with it. [23] By the 1970s it was established that high phosphate levels in water were a consequence of pollution. [23]
However, there are some proteins which have been found to act as thermal stabilizers for viruses. Of course, if the target protein is not heat-resistant, using this technique could denature that target protein as well as the viral impurity. Typical incubation lasts for 10 hours and is performed at 60°C.
Phage lytic enzymes produced during bacteriophage infection are responsible for the ability of these viruses to lyse bacterial cells. [2] Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics cause the death of bacteria through enzyme-mediated lysis that occurs after the drug causes the bacterium to form a defective cell wall. [3]
Benefits of exoenzyme production can also be lost after secretion because the enzymes are liable to denature, degrade or diffuse away from the producer cell. Enzyme production and secretion is an energy intensive process [ 14 ] and, because it consumes resources otherwise available for reproduction, there is evolutionary pressure to conserve ...
Although oxidation processes involving ·OH have been in use since late 19th century (such as Fenton's reagent, which was used as an analytical reagent at that time), the utilization of such oxidative species in water treatment did not receive adequate attention until Glaze et al. [1] suggested the possible generation of ·OH "in sufficient ...