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Gravitational time dilation is a form of time dilation, an actual difference of elapsed time between two events, as measured by observers situated at varying distances from a gravitating mass. The lower the gravitational potential (the closer the clock is to the source of gravitation), the slower time passes, speeding up as the gravitational ...
Time dilation is the difference in elapsed time as measured by two clocks, either because of a relative velocity between them (special relativity), or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations (general relativity). When unspecified, "time dilation" usually refers to the effect due to velocity.
For Earth's surface with respect to infinity, z is approximately 7 × 10 −10 (the equivalent of a 0.2 m/s radial Doppler shift); for the Moon it is approximately 3 × 10 −11 (about 1 cm/s). The value for the surface of the Sun is about 2 × 10 −6, corresponding to 0.64 km/s.
where is the speed of light, is proper time, ,,, are the usual coordinates of space and time, is the acceleration of the gravitational field, and () is an arbitrary function of the coordinate but must approach the observed Newtonian value of + /. This formula is the metric for the gravitational field measured by the supported observer.
Considering the Hafele–Keating experiment in a frame of reference at rest with respect to the center of the Earth (because this is an inertial frame [3]), a clock aboard the plane moving eastward, in the direction of the Earth's rotation, had a greater velocity (resulting in a relative time loss) than one that remained on the ground, while a ...
Objects are falling to the floor because the room is aboard a rocket in space, which is accelerating at 9.81 m/s 2, the standard gravity on Earth, and is far from any source of gravity. The objects are being pulled towards the floor by the same "inertial force" that presses the driver of an accelerating car into the back of their seat.
Time: one foot: 1.0 ns: one metre: 3.3 ns: from geostationary orbit to Earth: 119 ms: the length of Earth's equator: 134 ms: from Moon to Earth: 1.3 s: from Sun to Earth (1 AU) 8.3 min: one light year: 1.0 year: one parsec: 3.26 years: from nearest star to Sun (1.3 pc) 4.2 years: from the nearest galaxy (the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy) to Earth ...
At this height, general relativity predicted a clock should run 4.5 parts in 10 10 faster than one on the Earth, or about one second every 73 years. [6] The maser oscillations represented the ticks of a clock, and by measuring the frequency of the maser as it changed elevation, the effects of gravitational time dilation were detected.