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For example, log 10 10000 = 4, and log 10 0.001 = −3. These are instances of the discrete logarithm problem. Other base-10 logarithms in the real numbers are not instances of the discrete logarithm problem, because they involve non-integer exponents. For example, the equation log 10 53 = 1.724276… means that 10 1.724276… = 53.
One case of non-homogeneous quadratic relations is covered by the still open three exponentials conjecture. [10] In its logarithmic form it is the following conjecture. Let λ 1, λ 2, and λ 3 be any three logarithms of algebraic numbers and γ be a non-zero algebraic number, and suppose that λ 1 λ 2 = γλ 3. Then λ 1 λ 2 = γλ 3 = 0.
Exponentiation occurs in many areas of mathematics and its inverse function is often referred to as the logarithm. For example, the logarithm of a matrix is the (multi-valued) inverse function of the matrix exponential. [97] Another example is the p-adic logarithm, the inverse function of the p-adic exponential.
Logarithms can be used to make calculations easier. For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding. These are often known as logarithmic properties, which are documented in the table below. [2] The first three operations below assume that x = b c and/or y = b d, so that log b (x) = c and log b (y) = d.
The exponential of a matrix A is defined by =!. Given a matrix B, another matrix A is said to be a matrix logarithm of B if e A = B.. Because the exponential function is not bijective for complex numbers (e.g. = =), numbers can have multiple complex logarithms, and as a consequence of this, some matrices may have more than one logarithm, as explained below.
The exponential function e z uniformizes the exponential map of the multiplicative group G m. Therefore, we can reformulate the six exponential theorem more abstractly as follows: Let G = G m × G m and take u : C → G(C) to be a non-zero complex-analytic group homomorphism. Define L to be the set of complex numbers l for which u(l) is an ...
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals . Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity.
[11] [36] However, for logarithms that appear in the exponent of a time bound, the base of the logarithm cannot be omitted. For example, O(2 log 2 n) is not the same as O(2 ln n) because the former is equal to O(n) and the latter to O(n 0.6931...). Algorithms with running time O(n log n) are sometimes called linearithmic. [37] Some examples of ...