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The triple helix model of innovation refers to a set of interactions between academia (the university), industry and government, to foster economic and social development, as described in concepts such as the knowledge economy and knowledge society. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] In innovation helical framework theory, each sector is represented by a circle ...
The quadruple and quintuple innovation helix framework describes university-industry-government-public-environment interactions within a knowledge economy.In innovation helix framework theory, first developed by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff [1] [2] and used in innovation economics and theories of knowledge, such as the knowledge society and the knowledge economy, each sector is ...
Technology gap. Technology Gap Theory is a model developed by M.V. Posner in 1961, which describes an advantage enjoyed by the country that introduces new goods in a market. [1] The country will enjoy a comparative advantage as well as a temporary state of monopoly until other countries have achieved the ability to imitate the new good.
The pay gap between academia and industry is also astronomical, which has the added effect of making corporate jobs much more financially attractive to students. The NIH determines stipend amounts ...
Paul Krugman. Paul Robin Krugman (/ ˈkrʊɡmən / ⓘ KRUUG-mən; [4][5] born February 28, 1953) [6] is an American economist who is the Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and a columnist for The New York Times. [7] In 2008, Krugman was the sole winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in ...
t. e. Economics (/ ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks, ˌiːkə -/) [1][2] is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. [3][4] Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work.
Great Divergence. Maddison's estimates of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in 1990 international dollars for selected European and Asian nations between 1500 and 1950, [1] showing the explosive growth of Western Europe and Japan in the 19th century. The Great Divergence or European miracle is the socioeconomic shift in which the ...
Three sectors according to Fourastié Clark's sector model This figure illustrates the percentages of a country's economy made up by different sector. The figure illustrates that countries with higher levels of socio-economic development tend to have less of their economy made up of primary and secondary sectors and more emphasis in tertiary sectors.