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Iron overload (also known as haemochromatosis or hemochromatosis) is the abnormal and increased accumulation of total iron in the body, leading to organ damage. [1] The primary mechanism of organ damage is oxidative stress, as elevated intracellular iron levels increase free radical formation via the Fenton reaction.
Diet – Liver is high in vitamin A. The liver of certain animals, including the polar bear, bearded seal, [25] [26] fish and [27] walrus, [28] are particularly toxic (see Liver (food) § Poisoning). It has been estimated that consumption of 500 grams (18 oz) of polar bear liver would result in a toxic dose for a human. [25]
Vitamin D compounds, specifically cholecalciferol (D3) and ergocalciferol (D2), are used in rodenticides due to their ability to induce hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by elevated calcium levels in the blood. This overdose leads to organ failure and is pharmacologically similar to vitamin D's toxic effects in humans.
Measuring electrolyte levels, kidney function, serum glucose, liver function tests (enzymes and bilirubin), complete blood count, clotting time via prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time, anion gap for metabolic acidosis, should be conducted for clinical monitoring and confirmation of iron poisoning.
Blood tests are performed to rule out other causes and to confirm an elevated level of vitamin B 6 with an absence of hypophosphatasia. [ 14 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Examination does not typically show signs of a motor deficit , dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system or impairment of the central nervous system , [ 4 ] [ 3 ] although ...
Hyperammonemia, or high ammonia levels, is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood. Severe hyperammonemia is a dangerous condition that may lead to brain injury and death. It may be primary or secondary. Ammonia is a substance that contains nitrogen. It is a product of the catabolism of protein.
Gallstones are more common in pregnant women due to elevated hormones and cholesterol levels, which block the bile duct and obstruct bilirubin excretion. [11] Besides, preeclampsia and eclampsia, denoted by high blood pressure, are linked to hyperbilirubinemia through damaging highly perfused organs, particularly liver and kidneys. [12]
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval.