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For example, in order to test whether allele a is dominant over allele A, the choice t = (1, 1, 0) is locally optimal. To test whether allele a is recessive to allele A, the optimal choice is t = (0, 1, 1). To test whether alleles a and A are codominant, the choice t = (0, 1, 2) is locally optimal.
The number of loops is always the number of common ancestors the parents have. If an individual is inbred, the coefficient of inbreeding is calculated by summing all the probabilities that an individual receives the same allele from its father's side and mother's side.
In population genetics, the Balding–Nichols model is a statistical description of the allele frequencies in the components of a sub-divided population. [1] With background allele frequency p the allele frequencies, in sub-populations separated by Wright's F ST F, are distributed according to independent draws from
If ¯ is the average frequency of an allele in the total population, is the variance in the frequency of the allele among different subpopulations, weighted by the sizes of the subpopulations, and is the variance of the allelic state in the total population, F ST is defined as [2]
then the allele frequency is the fraction of all the occurrences i of that allele and the total number of chromosome copies across the population, i/(nN). The allele frequency is distinct from the genotype frequency, although they are related, and allele frequencies can be calculated from genotype frequencies. [1]
A de Finetti diagram. The curved line is the expected Hardy–Weinberg frequency as a function of p.. A de Finetti diagram is a ternary plot used in population genetics.It is named after the Italian statistician Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985) and is used to graph the genotype frequencies of populations, where there are two alleles and the population is diploid.
Punnett square for three-allele case (left) and four-allele case (right). White areas are homozygotes. Colored areas are heterozygotes. Consider an extra allele frequency, r. The two-allele case is the binomial expansion of (p + q) 2, and thus the three-allele case is the trinomial expansion of (p + q + r) 2.
The general selection model (GSM) is a model of population genetics that describes how a population's allele frequencies will change when acted upon by natural selection. [ 1 ] [ better source needed ]