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Calciseptine has been shown to specifically inhibit the L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels and was the first natural polypeptide discovered with this property. Specific polypeptide inhibitors of voltage-sensitive channels are important tools in research, and were already known for voltage-sensitive Na + channels, both voltage-sensitive and Ca 2+-activated K + channels, and for N-type Ca 2 ...
Ciguatoxin is produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a type of dinoflagellate.The phenomenon occurs in the Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, and coastal Central America. The toxin usually accumulates in the skin, head, viscera, and roe of big reef fish like grouper, wrasse, triggerfish, lionfish, and amberjack.
Calcicludine is a blocker of high-voltage-activated calcium channels (L-, N- and P-type channels). It has highest affinity to the L-type calcium channel (IC 50 = 88nM[2]). ]). However, sensitivity of the drug on the channel depends on the species and the
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The venom of this species is the most rapid-acting venom of any snake species [19] [20] [21] and consists mainly of highly potent neurotoxins; [22] [23] it also contains cardiotoxins, [24] [25] fasciculins, [22] and calciseptine. [26] Based on the median lethal dose (LD 50) values in mice, the black mamba LD 50 from all published sources is as ...
BmKAEP is an inhibitory β-toxin and thus, a Na + channel inhibitor. As with other mammal and insect toxins, BmKAEP is classified according to species and mechanism of action.
HsTx1 is characterized by a single polypeptide chain of 34 amino acid residues containing 8 Cysteine residues and an amidated C-Terminal end. Its core has a hydrophobic structure and the backbone displays one α-helix and two β-sheets regions that connect the N-terminal and the C-terminal ends.
Biological Toxins such as Diphtheria toxin [18]; Radiation Therapy is known to cause radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) [19] These agents can lead to varying degrees of cardiotoxicity, and their effects may be dose-dependent and influenced by individual factors such as pre-existing cardiovascular disease and genetic predispositions that can foster greater sensitivity to any cardiac damage.