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Therefore, a drug given by the intravenous route will have an absolute bioavailability of 100% (f = 1), whereas drugs given by other routes usually have an absolute bioavailability of less than one. If we compare the two different dosage forms having same active ingredients and compare the two drug bioavailability is called comparative ...
The drug travels by some route of administration (oral, topical-dermal, etc.) in a chosen dosage form (e.g., tablets, capsules, or in solution). [3] Absorption by some other routes, such as intravenous therapy , intramuscular injection , enteral nutrition , is even more straightforward and there is less variability in absorption and ...
The oral route is limited to formulations containing small molecules only while biopharmaceuticals (usually proteins) would be digested in the stomach and thereby become ineffective. Biopharmaceuticals have to be given by injection or infusion. However, recent research found various ways to improve oral bioavailability of these drugs.
Route Dose Bioavailability C max (g/L) Tmax (minutes) T 1/2 (hours) Time to peak effect (minutes) Intravenous 30 mg 100% 108 22 6 9.1 0.8 15 Oral 30 mg 67% 94.1 216 9.1 18 2 Smoking 30 mg 67%/ 90 10% 47 6 150 30 12 1 180 Intra-nasal 50 mg 79% 113 8 169 8 11 1 15
Therefore, if a drug has a bioavailability of 0.8 (or 80%) and it is administered in a dose of 100 mg, the equation will demonstrate the following: De = 0.8 × 100 mg = 80 mg. That is the 100 mg administered represents a blood plasma concentration of 80 mg that has the capacity to have a pharmaceutical effect.
The bioavailability of ergotamine is around 2% orally, 6% rectally, and 100% by intramuscular or intravenous injection. [17] The low oral and rectal bioavailability is due to low gastrointestinal absorption and high first-pass metabolism. [17] Ergotamine may not readily cross the blood–brain barrier. [22] [23]
Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. [9] [10] Linezolid is active against most Gram-positive bacteria that cause disease, including streptococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
[51] [52] It has been found that the amphotericin B/ergosterol bimolecular complex that maintains these pores is stabilized by Van der Waals interactions. [53] Researchers have found evidence that amphotericin B also causes oxidative stress within the fungal cell, [ 54 ] but it remains unclear to what extent this oxidative damage contributes to ...