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Insulin glulisine, sold under the brand name Apidra among others, is a rapid-acting modified form of medical insulin used for the treatment of diabetes.It differs from human insulin in that the amino acid asparagine at position B3 is replaced by lysine and the lysine in position B29 is replaced by glutamic acid. [2]
Micrograph of fatty liver, as may be seen due to long-term prednisone use. Trichrome stain.. Short-term side effects, as with all glucocorticoids, include high blood glucose levels (especially in patients with diabetes mellitus or on other medications that increase blood glucose, such as tacrolimus) and mineralocorticoid effects such as fluid retention. [24]
The main side effects of exenatide use are gastrointestinal in nature, including acid or sour stomach, belching, diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting. [11] These tend to subside with time; [11] exenatide is therefore not meant for people with severe gastrointestinal disease.
[25] [26] [27] Insulin from these sources is effective in humans as it is highly similar to human insulin (three amino acid difference in bovine insulin, one amino acid difference in porcine). [27] Initially, lower preparation purity resulted in allergic reactions to the presence of non-insulin substances.
The amino acid sequence of animal insulins in different mammals may be similar to human insulin (insulin human INN), there is however considerable viability within vertebrate species. [16] Porcine insulin has only a single amino acid variation from the human variety, and bovine insulin varies by three amino acids.
n/a Ensembl n/a n/a UniProt n a n/a RefSeq (mRNA) n/a n/a RefSeq (protein) n/a n/a Location (UCSC) n/a n/a PubMed search n/a n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a medication ...
Amino acid sequence of amylin with disulfide bridge and cleavage sites of insulin degrading enzyme indicated with arrows. Amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), is a 37-residue peptide hormone. [5] It is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic β-cells in the ratio of approximately 100:1 (insulin:amylin).
Aminoguanidine is a colorless solid that is soluble in water and ethanol. It is basic, producing salts when reacted with organic acids. As established by many crystallographic studies, protonation of aminoguanidine occurs at the imino nitrogen. [16] With formic acid, condensation occurs, leading to cyclization to give 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. [14]