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SPQR or S.P.Q.R., an initialism for Senatus Populusque Romanus (Classical Latin: [sɛˈnaːtʊs pɔpʊˈɫʊskʷɛ roːˈmaːnʊs]; transl. "The Senate and People of Rome" ), is an emblematic phrase referring to the government of the Roman Republic .
Since the Middle Ages the city of Rome used a red-violet banner with a yellow (golden) Greek cross near the top right corner, and to its right, the yellow (golden) letters SPQR (an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus, which translates from Latin to The Roman Senate and People), placed diagonally across the banner, from the top left to the bottom right corner.
Each edge xy between two nodes of the SPQR tree is associated with two directed virtual edges, one of which is an edge in G x and the other of which is an edge in G y. Each edge in a graph G x may be a virtual edge for at most one SPQR tree edge. An SPQR tree T represents a 2-connected graph G T, formed as follows.
A fasces image, with the axe in the middle of the bundle of rods. A fasces (/ ˈ f æ s iː z / FASS-eez, Latin:; a plurale tantum, from the Latin word fascis, meaning 'bundle'; Italian: fascio littorio) is a bound bundle of wooden rods, often but not always including an axe (occasionally two axes) with its blade emerging.
The Reichsadler, i. e. the German Imperial Eagle, originated from a proto-heraldic emblem that was believed to have been used by Charlemagne, the first Frankish ruler whom the Pope crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in AD 800, and derived ultimately from the Aquila, i. e. eagle standard, of the ancient Roman army.
Roman ornament with an aquila (100–200 AD) from the Cleveland Museum of Art A modern reconstruction of an aquila. An aquila (Classical Latin: [ˈakᶣɪla]; lit. ' eagle ') was a prominent symbol used in ancient Rome, especially as the standard of a Roman legion.
The word vexillum is a derivative of the Latin word, velum, meaning a sail, which confirms the historical evidence (from coins and sculpture) that vexilla were literally "little sails": flag-like standards. In the vexillum, the cloth was draped from a horizontal crossbar suspended from a staff. That is unlike most modern flags in which the ...
SPQR series, a collection of detective stories set in the time of the Roman Republic; SPQR: The Empire's Darkest Hour, a computer adventure game set in Ancient Rome; SPQR, a board wargame; Steve Perrin's Quest Rules, a generic role-playing game system; SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome, a 2015 book by Mary Beard