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The best known variety is Baghdad Jewish Arabic, although other dialects were spoken in Mosul and elsewhere. The vast majority of Iraqi Jews have relocated to Israel and switched to Modern Hebrew as their first language. The 2014 film Farewell Baghdad is mostly in Baghdad Jewish Arabic. It was the first movie filmed in Judeo-Iraqi Arabic.
Baghdad Jewish Arabic (Arabic: عربية يهودية بغدادية, עַרָבִיָּה יְהוּדִיַּה בַּגדָאדִיַּה) or autonym haki mal yihud (Jewish Speech) or el-haki malna (our speech) [1] is the variety of Arabic spoken by the Jews of Baghdad and other towns of Lower Mesopotamia in Iraq.
Mesopotamian Arabic (Arabic: لهجة بلاد ما بين النهرين), also known as Iraqi Arabic (Arabic: اللهجة العراقية), or just as Iraqi (Arabic: عراقي), is a group of varieties of Arabic spoken in the Mesopotamian basin of Iraq, as well as in Syria, southeastern Turkey, Iran, Kuwait and Iraqi diaspora communities.
In anglicized Arabic or Hebrew names or in loanwords, ayin is often omitted entirely: Iraq ʿirāq عراق, Arab ʿarab عرب, Saudi suʿūdī سعودي, etc.; Afula ʿăfūlā עֲפוּלָה, Arad ʿărād עֲרָד, etc. Maltese, which uses a Latin alphabet, the only Semitic language to do so in its standard form, writes the ayin as għ ...
In the past, the word Mizrahim, corresponding to the Arabic word Mashriqiyyun (Arabic: مشرِقيون, 'Easterners'), referred to the natives of Turkey, Iraq and other Asian countries, as distinct from those of North Africa Maghribiyyun (مغرِبيون, 'Westerners').
According to the Article 4 of the Constitution, Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages of Iraq, while three other languages: Turkish, Neo-Aramaic and Armenian, are recognized as minority languages. In addition, any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum.
The plurality of meanings results partly from the assimilation of the proto-Semitic غ ghayin with ع ʿayin in some languages. In Hebrew the word ערב ʿarav thus has the same triconsonantal root as the root meaning "west" (מערב maʿarav) "setting sun" or "evening" (מעריב maʿariv, ערב ʿerev).
In other words, Arabic in its natural environment usually occurs in a situation of diglossia, which means that its native speakers often learn and use two linguistic forms substantially different from each other, the Modern Standard Arabic (often called MSA in English) as the official language and a local colloquial variety (called ...