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Male okapi displaying his striking horizontal stripes. The okapi is a medium-sized giraffid, standing 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulder. Its average body length is about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and its weight ranges from 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb). [25] It has a long neck, and large and flexible ears.
Pheromone-containing secretions from the preorbital gland may serve to establish an animal's dominance (especially in preparation for breeding), [4] mark its territory, or simply to produce a pleasurable sensation to the animal. [5] Because of its critical role in scent marking, the preorbital gland is usually considered as a type of scent gland.
Bucks will make many different scent markings using different scent glands. These scent glands include pedal glands found between the toes, preorbital glands found in the corners of their eyes, tarsal glands found on the lower inside of their hind legs, and the metatarsal glands found in the outside hind leg between ankle and hoof.
The fossa has several scent glands. Like herpestids it has a perianal skin gland inside an anal sac which surrounds the anus like a pocket. The pocket opens to the exterior with a horizontal slit below the tail. Other glands are located near the penis or vagina, with the penile glands emitting a strong odor. Like the herpestids, it has no ...
They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other.
Bunting as a behaviour can be viewed as a variation of scent rubbing. [1] This is when an animal, typically a carnivore, will rub its back on a scent, such as that of prey, or on the urine of an animal of the same species. Evolutionarily speaking, scent rubbing is the oldest form of scent communication and bunting is a derivative of this ...
The evolution of the horse involved a reduction in the number of toes to one, along with other changes to the ancestral equid foot, and the chestnut is thought to correspond to the wrist pad of dogs and cats. Alternatively, it may be a vestigial scent gland similar to those found in some deer and other animals. [5]
The olfactory epithelium is a thick yellow/brown structure, about one inch square, located in the upper nasal cavity of the human nose. Made up of olfactory receptors and glands, the epithelium is used as a tool to smell others' body odour and pheromones. [10]