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In logic, a set of symbols is commonly used to express logical representation. The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics.
newton per coulomb (N⋅C −1), or equivalently, volt per meter (V⋅m −1) energy: joule (J) Young's modulus: pascal (Pa) or newton per square meter (N/m 2) eccentricity: unitless Euler's number (2.71828, base of the natural logarithm) unitless electron: unitless elementary charge: coulomb (C) force
The 1931 grammar of Volapük uses the comma as its decimal separator but, somewhat unusually, the middle dot as its thousands separator (12·345·678,90123). [ 22 ] In 1958, disputes between European and American delegates over the correct representation of the decimal separator nearly stalled the development of the ALGOL computer programming ...
2. Double factorial: if n is a positive integer, n!! is the product of all positive integers up to n with the same parity as n, and is read as "the double factorial of n". 3. Subfactorial: if n is a positive integer, !n is the number of derangements of a set of n elements, and is read as "the subfactorial of n". *
Converting a number from scientific notation to decimal notation, first remove the × 10 n on the end, then shift the decimal separator n digits to the right (positive n) or left (negative n). The number 1.2304 × 10 6 would have its decimal separator shifted 6 digits to the right and become 1,230,400 , while −4.0321 × 10 −3 would have its ...
In propositional logic, a propositional formula is a type of syntactic formula which is well formed. If the values of all variables in a propositional formula are given, it determines a unique truth value. A propositional formula may also be called a propositional expression, a sentence, [1] or a sentential formula.
An atomic formula or atom is simply a predicate applied to a tuple of terms; that is, an atomic formula is a formula of the form P (t 1,…, t n) for P a predicate, and the t n terms. All other well-formed formulae are obtained by composing atoms with logical connectives and quantifiers. For example, the formula ∀x. P (x) ∧ ∃y. Q (y, f (x ...
A closed formula, also ground formula or sentence, is a formula in which there are no free occurrences of any variable. If A is a formula of a first-order language in which the variables v 1, …, v n have free occurrences, then A preceded by ∀v 1 ⋯ ∀v n is a universal closure of A.