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Prebiotics are substances, such as fructans and oligosaccharides, that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms, such as bacteria on being fermented in the gut. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] Multiple bacterial species contained in a single probiotic broth is known as a polybiotic.
Accordingly, probiotics may protect brain cells in the hippocampus, a region important for memory storage and retrieval while promoting a healthy gut lining. [38] A study in middle-aged rats examined the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and a combination of both, symbiotics, on memory. The study found that rats given the symbiotic supplement ...
The term probiotics was taken up by Parker, [75] who defined the concept as, "Organisms and substances that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by contributing to its intestinal microbial balance." Later, the definition was greatly improved by Fuller, [72] whose explanation was very close to the definition used today. Fuller described ...
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The definition of prebiotics and the food ingredients that can fall under this classification, has evolved since its first definition in 1995. [3] In its earliest definition, the term prebiotics was used to refer to non-digestible food ingredients that were beneficial to the host through their selective stimulation of specific bacteria within the colon.
Prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to reduce anxiety. For example, experiments in which mice were given fructo-and galacto-oligosaccharide prebiotics [94] and Lactobacillus probiotics [93] have both demonstrated a capability to reduce anxiety. In humans, results are not as concrete, but promising.
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