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In 2008, stimulants, such as caffeine, were the most commonly used nootropic agent. [15] In 2016, the American Medical Association adopted a policy to discourage prescriptions of nootropics for healthy people, on the basis that the cognitive effects appear to be highly variable among individuals, are dose-dependent, and limited or modest at ...
Stimulants can affect various functions, including arousal, attention, the reward system, learning, memory, and emotion. Effects range from mild stimulation to euphoria, depending on the specific drug, dose, route of administration, and inter-individual characteristics. Stimulants have a long history of use, both for medical and non-medical ...
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators are a class of drugs developed to treat heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and other diseases. The first-in-class medication was riociguat, approved in 2013 for pulmonary hypertension. [1] [2] They have also been investigated for hypertension, systemic sclerosis, and sickle cell disease. [3] [1]
Prior to this, the general assumption was that any drug which did not fall into a prescription schedule could be purchased without a prescription. [1] However, the needed definition had not been enacted by early 2018. The lack of a legal definition for OTC drugs has led to this US$4 billion market segment being effectively unregulated. [1]
Other non-FDA-approved uses for prazosin include the treatment of Raynaud's disease and poisoning due to scorpion venom. Propranolol (Inderal) for performance anxiety: propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used for the treatment of hypertension and the prophylaxis of angina pectoris. In 1991, a published study showed that a single dose of ...
Doss porphyria/ALA dehydratase deficiency/Plumboporphyria (the disease is known by multiple names) ALD Alcoholic liver disease: ALI Acute lung injury: ALL Acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: AMD Age-related macular degeneration: AML Acute myelogenous leukemia: AN Anorexia nervosa: AOCD
A 2003 study found that non-prescription use within the last year by college students in the US was 4.1%. [104] A 2008 meta-analysis found even higher rates of non-prescribed stimulant use. It found 5% to 9% of grade school and high school children and 5% to 35% of college students used a non-prescribed stimulant in the last year. [102]
As different drugs have different effects, they may be used for different reasons. According to the self-medication hypothesis (SMH), the individuals' choice of a particular drug is not accidental or coincidental, but instead, a result of the individuals' psychological condition, as the drug of choice provides relief to the user specific to his or her condition.