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U.S. Energy Information Administration: World Crude Oil Prices Archived 2008-11-10 at the Wayback Machine; BP Crude Grades; Intertek: Crude Oil Grades and Types; MeGlobalOil: Carriage of Heavy Grade Oil; Statoil.com: Crude oil assays; EnergyIntel.com: The Crude Oils and their Key Characteristics; Capline system crude oil properties and quality ...
In 2012, a study found that Corexit made the oil up to 52 times more toxic than oil alone, [12] and that the dispersant's emulsifying effect makes oil droplets more bio-available to plankton. [13] The Georgia Institute of Technology found that "Mixing oil with dispersant increased toxicity to ecosystems" and made the gulf oil spill worse. [14]
The concept of basic chemicals is very close to chemical commodities. In fact basic chemicals are chemical substances used as a starting material for the production of a wide variety of other chemicals; for this reason they are in general commodities, because they are highly demanded. Some examples of basic chemicals are: ethylene, benzene ...
Perhaps the greatest use of TCE is as a degreaser for metal parts. It has been widely used in degreasing and cleaning since the 1920s because of its low cost, low flammability, low toxicity and high effectivity as a solvent. The demand for TCE as a degreaser began to decline in the 1950s in favor of the less toxic 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Aboveground storage tanks (Roofs) – The environment in the headspace of an aboveground storage tank can be very aggressive especially for tanks storing crude oil. The environment is aggressive as a result of the acidic species that are typically found in crude oil, ( sour crude ).
LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline). [14] However, its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for ...
Fuel pumps in Ireland, with green gas oil and red kerosene, and notices that it is an offence to use marked fuels in a motor vehicle.. After August 2002, all European Union countries became obliged to add about 6 mg/L (0.034 oz/bbl) of Solvent Yellow 124, a dye with structure similar to Solvent Yellow 56, to heating fuel.
MTBE removal from groundwater and soil contamination in the U.S. was estimated to cost from $1 billion [38] to US$30 billion, [39] including removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies and replacing leaky underground oil tanks. In one case, the cost to oil companies to clean up the MTBE in wells belonging to the city of ...