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Cellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. [1] [2] [3] ... supporting the role of cell senescence in aging [15] ...
Senescence (/ s ɪ ˈ n ɛ s ə n s /) or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in death rates or a decrease in fecundity with increasing age, at least in the later part of an organism's life cycle.
Senescence and SASP can also occur in post-mitotic cells, notably neurons. [12] The SASP in senescent neurons can vary according to cell type, the initiator of senescence, and the stage of senescence. [12] An online SASP Atlas serves as a guide to the various types of SASP. [8]
Extending telomeres can allow cells to divide more and increase the risk of uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development. [24] A study conducted by Johns Hopkins University challenged the idea that long telomeres prevent aging. Rather than protecting cells from aging, long telomeres help cells with age-related mutations last longer. [13]
Senescence can be induced by several factors, including telomere shortening, [37] DNA damage [38] and stress. Since the immune system is programmed to seek out and eliminate senescent cells, [39] it might be that senescence is one way for the body to rid itself of cells damaged beyond repair. The links between cell senescence and aging are several:
1977 To explain aging, Thomas Kirkwood proposed the disposable soma theory. According to the theory, the organism has only a limited amount of resources that it has to allocate between different purposes (such as growth, reproduction, repair of damage). Aging occurs due to the limitation of resources that the body can afford to spend on repair. [4]
Williams noted that senescence may be causing many deaths even if animals are not 'dying of old age.' [1] He began his hypothesis with the idea that ageing can cause earlier senescence due to the competitive nature of life. Even a small amount of ageing can be fatal; hence natural selection does indeed care and ageing is not cost-free. [17]
One of the main criticisms of the free radical theory of aging is directed at the suggestion that free radicals are responsible for the damage of biomolecules, thus being a major reason for cellular senescence and organismal aging. [26]: 81 Several modifications have been proposed to integrate current research into the overall theory.
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