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  2. Valence (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(psychology)

    Valence is an inferred criterion from instinctively generated emotions; it is the property specifying whether feelings/affects are positive, negative or neutral. [2] The existence of at least temporarily unspecified valence is an issue for psychological researchers who reject the existence of neutral emotions (e.g. surprise , sublimation). [ 2 ]

  3. Abegg's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abegg's_rule

    In chemistry, Abegg's rule states that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valence of an element is frequently eight. The rule used a historic meaning of valence which resembles the modern concept of oxidation state in which an atom is an electron donor or receiver. Abegg's rule is sometimes referred to as "Abegg’s law of ...

  4. Effective nuclear charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge

    In contrast, the effective nuclear charge is the attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on valence electrons, which is always less than the total number of protons present in a nucleus due to the shielding effect. [5]

  5. Cognitive valence theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Valence_Theory

    Negative valence can also thwart healthy dyad growth by heightening the lack of love and care within the dyad. Positive valence acts in a 180 degree fashion as positive feeling promotes growth and strengthens the love and care within the dyad. With positive valence, there can still be risks, but the rewards may outweigh the costs.

  6. Proton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

    A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H +, or 1 H + with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio).

  7. Hydrogen ion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_ion

    A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. [1] Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×10 10 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it ...

  8. Charge carrier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier

    There are two recognized types of charge carriers in semiconductors.One is electrons, which carry a negative electric charge.In addition, it is convenient to treat the traveling vacancies in the valence band electron population as a second type of charge carrier, which carry a positive charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron.

  9. Electron hole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_hole

    When an electron leaves a helium atom, it leaves an electron hole in its place. This causes the helium atom to become positively charged. In physics, chemistry, and electronic engineering, an electron hole (often simply called a hole) is a quasiparticle denoting the lack of an electron at a position where one could exist in an atom or atomic lattice.