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Matilda and Henry V had no children, and when he died in 1125, the imperial crown was claimed by his rival Lothair of Supplinburg. Matilda's younger and only full brother, William Adelin, died in the White Ship disaster of 1120, leaving Matilda's father and realm facing a potential succession crisis.
Henry was the eldest son of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria and Matilda, [1] the eldest daughter of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. After his father's deposition by his first-cousin [2] the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa, he grew up in England.
Despite Henry taking a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, it became increasingly unlikely that Henry would have another legitimate son and instead he looked to Matilda as his intended heir. [11] Matilda had been married to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor , from which she later claimed the title of empress.
The Battle of Lincoln, or the First Battle of Lincoln, occurred on 2 February 1141 in Lincoln, England between King Stephen of England and forces loyal to Empress Matilda. Stephen was captured during the battle, imprisoned, and effectively deposed while Matilda ruled for a short time. [1] [2]
Matilda was born in or around June 1156 in London or, less likely, at Windsor Castle, [2] as third child and eldest daughter of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine; [2] [3] [4] named after her paternal grandmother, Empress Matilda, she was baptized shortly after birth in Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate by Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury.
Matilda of Scotland (originally christened Edith, [a] 1080 – 1 May 1118), also known as Good Queen Maud, was Queen consort of England and Duchess of Normandy as the first wife of King Henry I. She acted as regent of England on several occasions during Henry's absences: in 1104, 1107, 1108, and 1111.
Geoffrey died later the same year, aged 38, and Henry took his father's place as head of the ducal house. In 1153, the Treaty of Wallingford stipulated that Stephen should remain King of England for life and that Henry, the son of Geoffrey and Matilda should succeed him, beginning the Plantagenet era in English history. [10]
The succession to Henry I was altered by the death of his son, William Adelin.Left without male heirs, Henry took the unprecedented step of making his barons swear to accept his daughter Empress Matilda, widow of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, as his heir.