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In the ancient Mediterranean, galley rowers were mostly free men, and slaves were used as rowers when manpower was in high demand. In the Middle Ages and the early modern period, convicts and prisoners of war often manned galleys, and the Barbary pirates enslaved captives as galley slaves. During the 18th and 19th centuries, pirates in Asia ...
The great galleys were in all respects larger than contemporary war galleys (up to 46 m) and had a deeper draft, with more room for cargo (140–250 tonnes). With a full complement of rowers ranging from 150 to 180 men, all available to defend the ship from attack, they were also very safe modes of travel.
The first “public” law libraries were membership libraries funded by subscribers, who were generally lawyers. The first of these appeared in 1802, when the Law Library Company of the City of Philadelphia (now called Jenkins Law Library) was founded by the lawyers of that city. The Social Law Library in Boston was founded in 1803. Both of ...
Pursuant to the state constitution, the Texas Legislature has enacted various laws, known as "chapter laws" or generically as "slip laws". These are published in the official General and Special Laws of the State of Texas as "session laws". [1] [2] Most of these statutes are codified. [3]
The Library Services Act (1956) and the Library Services and Construction Act (1964) were keystones in the goal of providing library service throughout the nation. [ 3 ] In addition, many of the 50 states have state archives similar to the federal National Archives and Records Administration to keep records relating to information on state laws ...
The current Texas State Librarian is Gloria Meraz, appointed by the Texas State Library and Archives Commission on August 27, 2021. Meraz is the first person of color and first Hispanic woman to serve as State Librarian of Texas since the position was created in 1909. She succeeded previous Texas State Librarian, Mark Smith. [3]
The penalty of the galleys was systematically applied from Louis XIV onwards, under the impetus of Colbert, and particularly after 1685 to eradicate Protestantism following the Edict of Fontainebleau. The Galleys's arsenal was located in Marseille. The galleys were the first penitentiary system to be organized on a kingdom-wide scale. With the ...
In England, pirates were typically executed using a temporary gallows, at low tide in the intertidal zone, then left for the sea to wash over them during the following high tides. [3] John the Painter was hanged in 1777 from the mizzenmast of HMS Arethusa for arson in royal dockyards , the highest temporary gallows erected in British history.