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Piperidine is widely used to convert ketones to enamines. [23] Enamines derived from piperidine are substrates in the Stork enamine alkylation reaction. [24] Upon treatment with calcium hypochlorite, piperidine converts to N-chloropiperidine, a chloramine with the formula C 5 H 10 NCl.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are distinct processes, as they take place through different sequences of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments (cellular respiration in mitochondria). [15] [16] The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelis van Niel is: [17]
Photosystem II is present on the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis in green plants. [9] The structure of Photosystem II is remarkably similar to the bacterial reaction center, and it is theorized that they share a common ancestor. The core of Photosystem II consists of two subunits referred to as D1 and D2 ...
In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen (O 2) as a by-product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis, various electron donors are used. Cytochrome b 6 f and ATP synthase work together to produce ATP (photophosphorylation) in two distinct ways.
The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from Photosynthesis by Hall and Rao: [6]. Starting with the solar spectrum falling on a leaf, 47% lost due to photons outside the 400–700 nm active range (chlorophyll uses photons between 400 and 700 nm, extracting the energy of one 700 nm photon from each one)
The platinichloride B 4 ·H 2 PtCl 6 forms orange-red needles ("B" denotes one mole of the alkaloid base in this and the following formula). Iodine in potassium iodide added to an alcoholic solution of the base in the presence of a little hydrochloric acid gives a characteristic periodide, B 2 ·HI·I 2 , crystallizing in steel-blue needles ...
However, photosynthesis is a quantum process and the chemical reactions of photosynthesis are more dependent on the number of photons than the energy contained in the photons. Therefore, plant biologists often quantify PAR using the number of photons in the 400-700 nm range received by a surface for a specified amount of time, or the ...
Photosystem II (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.