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Detergents. A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. [1] There are a large variety of detergents. A common family is the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble than soap in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate of soap to bind to calcium and other ...
In 2011 the European Commission announced that the European Parliament had ordered a ban of phosphates in consumer laundry detergent by June 2013 and a ban in dishwasher detergent by January 2017. [2] [7] Australia began phasing out the use of phosphates in its detergents in 2011, with an all-out ban expected to take effect in 2014. [8]
A bar of carbolic soap A puck of shaving soap in a ceramic bowl. In chemistry, a soap is a salt of a fatty acid. [2] Household uses for soaps include washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping, where soaps act as surfactants, emulsifying oils to enable them to be carried away by water.
Alkyl sulfates are commonly used as anionic surfactants in liquid soaps and detergents used to clean wool, as surface cleaners, and as active ingredients in laundry detergents, shampoos and conditioners. They can also be found in household products such as toothpaste, antacids, cosmetics and foods.
An example of a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are prepared industrially by the sulfonation of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), which can themselves be prepared in several ways. [2] In the most common route benzene is alkylated by long chain monoalkenes (e.g. dodecene) using hydrogen fluoride as a catalyst. [9]
Soap or detergent; Sodium carbonate (washing soda) Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) Sodium hydroxide (lye) Sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach) Sodium perborate; Sodium percarbonate; Tetrachloroethylene (dry cleaning) Trisodium phosphate; Water, the most common cleaning agent, which is a very powerful polar solvent; Xylene (can damage plastics)
By contrast, potassium soaps (derived using KOH) are "soft" soaps. The fatty acid source also affects the soap's melting point. The fatty acid source also affects the soap's melting point. Most early hard soaps were manufactured using animal fats and KOH extracted from wood ash ; these were broadly solid.
Finer soaps were later produced in Europe from the 17th century, using vegetable oils (such as olive oil) as opposed to animal fats. Many of these soaps are still produced, both industrially and by small-scale artisans. Castile soap is a popular example of the vegetable-only soaps derived from the oldest "white soap" of Italy. In 1634 Charles I ...