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Conditional gene knockout is a technique used to eliminate a specific gene in a certain tissue, such as the liver. [1] [2] This technique is useful to study the role of individual genes in living organisms. It differs from traditional gene knockout because it targets specific genes at specific times rather than being deleted from beginning of life.
The Cre-Lox system is widely used to manipulate gene expression in model organisms such as mice in order to study human diseases and drug development. [3] For example, using the Cre-Lox system, researchers are able to study oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and their role in the development and progression of cancer in mouse models.
A complete gene knockout permanently inactivates the gene, while a conditional gene knockout allows for the gene to be turned off and on at specific times or in specific tissues. Conditional knockouts are particularly useful for studying developmental processes and for understanding the role of a gene in specific cell types or tissues.
The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) is a scientific endeavour to produce a collection of mouse embryonic stem cell lines that together lack every gene in the genome, and then to distribute the cells to scientific researchers to create knockout mice to study.
There are several thousand different strains of knockout mice. [3] Many mouse models are named after the gene that has been inactivated. For example, the p53 knockout mouse is named after the p53 gene which codes for a protein that normally suppresses the growth of tumours by arresting cell division and/or inducing apoptosis.
Gene knock-in originated as a slight modification of the original knockout technique developed by Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies, and Mario Capecchi.Traditionally, knock-in techniques have relied on homologous recombination to drive targeted gene replacement, although other methods using a transposon-mediated system to insert the target gene have been developed. [3]
It bears large tropical-looking fruits (edible to people) that ripen in late summer. The trees also bear large ovate leaves which can be crushed and wiped on your skin as a useful insect repellent.
repel moles [3] Nasturtiums: repel squash bugs, [2] aphids (though there is conflicting information with some sources stating it attracts aphids), [10] many beetles, and the cabbage looper [3] Onion: repels rabbits, the cabbage looper, and the Small White [3] Oregano: repellent to many pests [3] Parsley: repels asparagus beetles [3] Peppermint
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