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African Americans in Houston were poorly represented by the predominantly white state legislature and city council, and were politically disenfranchised during the Jim Crow era; whites had used a variety of tactics, including militias and legislation, to re-establish political and social supremacy throughout the South. [5]
Lulu (or Lula) Belle Madison White (August 31, 1907 [citation needed] – July 6, 1957) was a teacher and civil rights activist in Texas during the 1940s and 1950s. [1] In 1939, White was named as the president of the Houston chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) before becoming executive secretary of the branch in 1943. [2]
b ^ While all Native Americans in the United States were only counted as part of the (total) U.S. population since 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau previously either enumerated or made estimates of the non-taxed Native American population (which was not counted as a part of the U.S. population before 1890) for the 1860–1880 time period.
As of 2002 about 40,000 people in the Houston area were of Italian descent. [81] Brina D'Amico, a member of the D'Amico restaurateur family, said in 2014 that most Italian-American families in Houston were of Sicilian origins, and their immigrant ancestors had entered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries at the Port of Galveston. [82]
The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (University of California Press, 1997). Glasrud, Bruce A. and Merline Pitre. Black Women in Texas History (2008) Glasrud, Bruce A. et al eds. African Americans in Central Texas History From Slavery to Civil Rights (2019); scholarly essays online
1934 - Houston Junior College becomes a four-year institution and changes its name to the University of Houston. 1935 - A massive flood inundates Houston, killing eight people; the Harris County Flood Control District is created in the aftermath. 1937 - Houston Municipal Airport, which would later become William P. Hobby Airport, is opened. [21]
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People from the Rust Belt states moved into Houston, at a rate of over 1,000 a week, mostly from Michigan, and are still moving to Houston to this day. The city made changes in higher education. The Houston Community College system was established in 1972 by HISD.