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In class-based, object-oriented programming, a constructor (abbreviation: ctor) is a special type of function called to create an object.It prepares the new object for use, often accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables.
Using a factory method to create instances of a class (factory method pattern) Storing the instances in a map, and returning the same instance to each request for an instance with same parameters (multiton pattern) Using lazy initialization to instantiate the object the first time it is requested (lazy initialization pattern)
In many contexts, including C++, C# and Java, an object is created via special syntax like new typename(). In C++, that provides manual memory management, an object is destroyed via the delete keyword. In C# and Java, with no explicit destruction syntax, the garbage collector destroys unused objects automatically and non-deterministically.
In class-based programming, a factory is an abstraction of a constructor of a class, while in prototype-based programming a factory is an abstraction of a prototype object. A constructor is concrete in that it creates objects as instances of one class, and by a specified process (class instantiation), while a factory can create objects by instantiating various classes, or by using other ...
It is used when the types of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects. This pattern is used to avoid subclasses of an object creator in the client application, like the factory method pattern does, and to avoid the inherent cost of creating a new object in the standard way (e.g., using ...
Together this implies that a class in Smalltalk is an object and that, therefore a class needs to be an instance of a class (called metaclass). As an example, a car object c is an instance of the class Car. In turn, the class Car is again an object and as such an instance of the metaclass of Car called Car class. Note the blank in the name of ...
C# makes use of reification to provide "first-class" generic objects that can be used like any other class, with code generation performed at class-load time. [29] Furthermore, C# has added several major features to accommodate functional-style programming, culminating in the LINQ extensions released with C# 3.0 and its supporting framework of ...
Runtime exception handling method in C# is inherited from Java and C++. The base class library has a class called System. Exception from which all other exception classes are derived. An Exception-object contains all the information about a specific exception and also the inner exceptions that were caused.