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In its epistemological and psychological senses, moksha is freedom from ignorance: self-realization, self-actualization and self-knowledge. [ 5 ] In Hindu traditions, moksha is a central concept [ 6 ] and the utmost aim of human life; the other three aims are dharma (virtuous, proper, moral life), artha (material prosperity, income security ...
Ātman is a central concept in the various schools of Indian philosophy, which have different views on the relation between Atman, individual Self , supreme Self (Paramātmā) and, the Ultimate Reality , stating that they are: completely identical (Advaita, Non-Dualist), [2] [3] completely different (Dvaita, Dualist), or simultaneously non ...
Advaita Vedanta is often presented as an elite scholarly tradition belonging to the orthodox Hindu Vedānta [note 8] tradition, emphasizing scholarly works written in Sanskrit; [22] as such, it is an "iconic representation of Hindu religion and culture."
Self-realization is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology, and spirituality; and in Indian religions.In the Western understanding, it is the "fulfillment by oneself of the possibilities of one's character or personality" (see also self-actualization). [1]
The meaning of moksha differs among the various Hindu schools of thought. Advaita Vedanta holds that upon attaining moksha a person knows their essence, or self, to be pure consciousness or the witness-consciousness and identifies it as identical to Brahman. [263] [264]
Tapas (Sanskrit: तपस्, romanized: tapas) is a variety of austere spiritual meditation practices in Indian religions.In Jainism, it means asceticism (austerities, body mortification); [1] [2] in Buddhism, it denotes spiritual practices including meditation and self-discipline; [3] and in the different traditions within Hinduism it means a spectrum of practices ranging from asceticism ...
Culture (/ ˈ k ʌ l tʃ ər / KUL-chər) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, attitudes, and habits of the individuals in these groups. [1] Culture often originates from or is attributed to a specific region or ...
Paramatman (Sanskrit: परमात्मन्, IAST: Paramātman) or Paramātmā is the absolute Atman, or supreme Self, in various philosophies such as the Vedanta and Yoga schools in Hindu theology, as well as other Indian religions such as Sikhism.