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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
Goethe's Ankunft im Elysia by Franz Nadorp. Elysium (/ ɪ ˈ l ɪ z i. ə m, ɪ ˈ l ɪ ʒ ə m / [1]), otherwise known as the Elysian Fields (Ancient Greek: Ἠλύσιον πεδίον, Ēlýsion pedíon), Elysian Plains or Elysian Realm, is a conception of the afterlife that developed over time and was maintained by some Greek religious and philosophical sects and cults.
The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC. [2] The term emperor is a modern convention, and did not exist as such during the Empire.
Commodus (/ ˈ k ɒ m ə d ə s /; [5] 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 until his assassination in 192. For the first three years of his reign, he was co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius.
Elagabalus was born in 203 or 204, [b] to Sextus Varius Marcellus and Julia Soaemias Bassiana, [17] who had probably married around the year 200 (and no later than 204). [18] [19] Elagabalus's full birth name was probably (Sextus) Varius Avitus Bassianus, [c] the last name being apparently a cognomen of the Emesene dynasty. [20]
There was never an official language of the empire, however, Latin and Greek were the main languages. [16] During the early years of the Roman Empire, educated nobles often relied on their knowledge of Greek to meet societal expectations, and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military, government, or law. [17]
Allectus was treasurer to Carausius, a Menapian officer in the Roman navy who had seized power in Britain and northern Gaul in 286. In 293 Carausius was isolated when the western Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, retook some of his Gallic territories, particularly the crucial port of Bononia (modern Boulogne), and defeated Frankish allies of Carausius in Batavia.
The Roman and later Byzantine, or Eastern Roman, emperors were called Qaisar-e-Rum (Caesar of Rome) by the Arabs and Persians. The Ottoman Sultan Fâtih Sultan Mehmed also took the title Kayser-i Rum (Caesar of Rome, meaning the Eastern Roman Empire) after conquering Constantinople, modern Istanbul, on May 29, 1453.