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In 1874, the concept of "psychodynamics" was proposed with the publication of Lectures on Physiology by German physiologist Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke who, in coordination with physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, one of the formulators of the first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy), supposed that all living organisms are energy-systems also governed by this principle.
Efficiency of power plants, world total, 2008. Energy conversion efficiency (η) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The input, as well as the useful output may be chemical, electric power, mechanical work, light (radiation), or heat.
High efficiency is particularly relevant in systems that can operate from batteries. Inefficiency may require weighing the cost either of the wasted energy, or of the required power supply, against the cost of attaining greater efficiency. Efficiency can usually be improved by choosing different components or by redesigning the system.
Cutting-edge designs, such as the diesel Mercedes-Benz Bionic concept vehicle have achieved a fuel efficiency as high as 84 miles per US gallon (2.8 L/100 km; 101 mpg ‑imp), four times the current conventional automotive average. [44] The mainstream trend in automotive efficiency is the rise of electric vehicles (all-electric or hybrid ...
A high power, high frequency amplifier tube, in some forms capable of megawatt pulses at hundreds of megahertz. inductor A circuit component with a concentrated inductance; a coil; stores energy in a magnetic field. industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets Electrical fittings used to connect cables to three-phase power circuits.
Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed; Mechanical efficiency, a ratio of the measured performance to the performance of an ideal machine; Thermal efficiency, the extent to which the energy added by heat is converted to net work output or vice versa; Luminous efficiency, a measure of how well a light source ...
The efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total energy content of a power plant's fuel that is converted into electricity. The remaining energy is usually lost to the environment as heat unless it is used for district heating. Rating efficiency is complicated by the fact that there are two different ways to measure the fuel energy ...
The average efficiency of world electricity production in 2009 was c.37%. [10] A priority in the Energy Hierarchy is to improve the efficiency of energy conversion, whether in traditional power stations [11] or by improving the performance ratio of photovoltaic power stations [12] and other energy sources.