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Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record.
Since 7 October 2024, Python 3.13 is the latest stable release, and it and, for few more months, 3.12 are the only releases with active support including for bug fixes (as opposed to just for security) and Python 3.9, [55] is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), due to Python 3.8 reaching end-of-life.
A data structure known as a hash table.. In computer science, a data structure is a data organization and storage format that is usually chosen for efficient access to data. [1] [2] [3] More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data, [4] i.e., it is an algebraic structure about data.
A directed graph with three vertices (blue circles) and three edges (black arrows).. In computer science, a graph is an abstract data type that is meant to implement the undirected graph and directed graph concepts from the field of graph theory within mathematics.
Various plots of the multivariate data set Iris flower data set introduced by Ronald Fisher (1936). [1]A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data.In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question.
Key assumption: There are unique attributes of individuals that do not vary over time. That is, the unique attributes for a given individual are time invariant. These attributes may or may not be correlated with the individual dependent variables y i.
Missingness occurs when participants drop out before the test ends and one or more measurements are missing. Data often are missing in research in economics , sociology , and political science because governments or private entities choose not to, or fail to, report critical statistics, [ 1 ] or because the information is not available.
Indicator function – Mathematical function characterizing set membership; Linear discriminant function – Method used in statistics, pattern recognition, and other fields; Multicollinearity – Linear dependency situation in a regression model; One-hot – Bit-vector representation where only one bit can be set at a time