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Structure of a G-quadruplex. Left: a G-tetrad. Right: an intramolecular G4 complex. [1]: fig1 In molecular biology, G-quadruplex secondary structures (G4) are formed in nucleic acids by sequences that are rich in guanine. [2] They are helical in shape and contain guanine tetrads that can form from one, [3] two [4] or four strands. [5]
DNAzyme research for the treatment of cancer is also underway. The development of a 10-23 DNAzyme that can block the expression of IGF-I (Insulin-like growth factor I, a contributor to normal cell growth as well as tumorigenesis) by targeting its mRNA could be useful for blocking the secretion of IGF-I from prostate storm primary cells ...
The antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) belongs to the family of glutathione peroxidases, which consists of 8 known mammalian isoenzymes (GPX1–8).GPX4 catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, and lipid peroxides at the expense of reduced glutathione and functions in the protection of cells against oxidative stress.
Methylation of histones has been tied to life span regulation in many organisms, specifically H3K4me3, an activating mark, and H4K27me3, a repressing mark. In C. elegans , the loss of any of the three Trithorax proteins that catalyze the trimethylation of H3K4 such as, WDR-5 and the methyltransferases SET-2 and ASH-2, lowers the levels of ...
This is especially true for Healthy life expectancy, the definition of which criteria may change over time, even within a country. For example, Canada is a country with a fairly high overall life expectancy at 81.63 years; however, this number decreases to 75.5 years for Indigenous people in the country. [4]
As an example, sirtuins are a type of protein deacetylases that promote the binding of DNA onto histones and thus turn unnecessary genes off. [17] These enzymes use NAD as a cofactor . With aging, the level of NAD in cells decreases and so does the ability of sirtuins to turn off unneeded genes at the right time.
The 100 species with longest life-spans recorded and verified [1] This is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the individual(s) (or in some instances, clones) of a species with the longest natural maximum life spans. For a given species, such a designation may include:
However, this compromise is thought to damage somatic repair systems, which can lead to progressive cellular damage and senescence. [4] Repair costs can be categorized into three groups: (1) the costs of increased durability of nonrenewable parts ; (2) the costs of maintenance involving cell renewal , and (3) the costs of intracellular ...