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A genetically modified mouse, genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) [1] or transgenic mouse is a mouse (Mus musculus) that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. Genetically modified mice are commonly used for research or as animal models of human diseases and are also used for research on genes.
The two most common types of genetically modified mice are knockout mice and oncomice. Knockout mice are a type of mouse model that uses transgenic insertion to disrupt an existing gene's expression. In order to create knockout mice, a transgene with the desired sequence is inserted into an isolated mouse blastocyst using electroporation.
The C57BL/6 mouse was the second-ever mammalian species to have its entire genome published. [1] The dark coat makes the mouse strain convenient for creating transgenic mice: it is crossed with a light-furred 129 mouse, and the desirable crosses can be easily identified by their mixed coat colors. [1]
Mice with genes knocked out (knockout mouse) were created in 1989. The first transgenic livestock were produced in 1985 [ 28 ] and the first animal to synthesise transgenic proteins in their milk were mice, [ 29 ] engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator in 1987.
Mice with genes removed (termed a knockout mouse) were created in 1989. The first transgenic livestock were produced in 1985 [65] and the first animal to synthesize transgenic proteins in their milk were mice in 1987. [66] The mice were engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator, a protein involved in breaking down blood clots. [67]
With the advent of genetic engineering technology, genetically modified mice can be generated to order and can cost hundreds of dollars each. [8] Transgenic animal production consists of injecting each construct into 300–350 eggs, typically representing three days' work. Twenty to fifty mice will normally be born from this number of injected ...
Another method is Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer. The gene is transfected into embryonic stem cells and then they are inserted into mouse blastocysts that are then implanted into foster mothers. The resulting offspring are chimeric, and further mating can produce mice fully transgenic with the gene of interest. [42]
A mouse-human hybrid is a genetically modified mouse whose genome has both mouse and human genes, thus being a murine form of a human-animal hybrid. For example, genetically modified mice may be born with human leukocyte antigen genes in order to provide a more realistic environment when introducing human white blood cells into them in order to ...