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The case where the system dynamics are described by a set of linear differential equations and the cost is described by a quadratic function is called the LQ problem. One of the main results in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear–quadratic regulator (LQR), a feedback controller whose equations are given below.
I 0 is the zeroth-order modified Bessel function of the first kind, L is the window duration, and; α is a non-negative real number that determines the shape of the window. In the frequency domain, it determines the trade-off between main-lobe width and side lobe level, which is a central decision in window design.
In classical mechanics, impulse (symbolized by J or Imp) is the change in momentum of an object. If the initial momentum of an object is p 1, and a subsequent momentum is p 2, the object has received an impulse J: =. Momentum is a vector quantity, so impulse is also a vector quantity.
In mathematical analysis, the Dirac delta function (or δ distribution), also known as the unit impulse, [1] is a generalized function on the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real line is equal to one.
Infinite impulse response (IIR) is a property applying to many linear time-invariant systems that are distinguished by having an impulse response that does not become exactly zero past a certain point but continues indefinitely.
As the sinc-in-time filter has infinite impulse response in both positive and negative time directions, it is non-causal and has an infinite delay (i.e., its compact support in the frequency domain forces its time response not to have compact support meaning that it is ever-lasting) and infinite order (i.e., the response cannot be expressed as ...
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A simple example of a Butterworth filter is the third-order low-pass design shown in the figure on the right, with = 4/3 F, = 1 Ω, = 3/2 H, and = 1/2 H. [3] Taking the impedance of the capacitors to be / and the impedance of the inductors to be , where = + is the complex frequency, the circuit equations yield the transfer function for this device: