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Another example of a curve with infinite length is the graph of the function defined by f(x) = x sin(1/x) for any open set with 0 as one of its delimiters and f(0) = 0. Sometimes the Hausdorff dimension and Hausdorff measure are used to quantify the size of such curves.
Theorem 2. If there are no cycles of length 3, then e ≤ 2v – 4. Theorem 3. f ≤ 2v – 4. In this sense, planar graphs are sparse graphs, in that they have only O(v) edges, asymptotically smaller than the maximum O(v 2). The graph K 3,3, for example, has 6 vertices, 9 edges, and no cycles of length 3. Therefore, by Theorem 2, it cannot be ...
The arc length (length of a line segment) defined by a polar function is found by the integration over the curve r(φ). Let L denote this length along the curve starting from points A through to point B, where these points correspond to φ = a and φ = b such that 0 < b − a < 2π.
For a parametric curve this is an easy task: One just computes the points of a sequence of parametric values. For an implicit curve one has to solve two subproblems: determination of a first curve point to a given starting point in the vicinity of the curve, determination of a curve point starting from a known curve point.
Historically, the curvature of a differentiable curve was defined through the osculating circle, which is the circle that best approximates the curve at a point. More precisely, given a point P on a curve, every other point Q of the curve defines a circle (or sometimes a line) passing through Q and tangent to the curve at P.
The distance from (x 0, y 0) to this line is measured along a vertical line segment of length |y 0 - (-c/b)| = |by 0 + c| / |b| in accordance with the formula. Similarly, for vertical lines ( b = 0) the distance between the same point and the line is | ax 0 + c | / | a |, as measured along a horizontal line segment.
A metric space defined over a set of points in terms of distances in a graph defined over the set is called a graph metric. The vertex set (of an undirected graph) and the distance function form a metric space, if and only if the graph is connected. The eccentricity ϵ(v) of a vertex v is the greatest distance between v and any other vertex; in ...
The arc length of one branch between x = x 1 and x = x 2 is a ln y 1 / y 2 . The area between the tractrix and its asymptote is π a 2 / 2 , which can be found using integration or Mamikon's theorem. The envelope of the normals of the tractrix (that is, the evolute of the tractrix) is the catenary (or chain curve) given by y = a ...