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Pathos (/ ˈ p eɪ θ ɒ s /, US: / ˈ p eɪ θ oʊ s /; pl. pathea or pathê; Ancient Greek: πάθος, romanized: páthos, lit. ' suffering or experience ') appeals to the emotions and ideals of the audience and elicits feelings that already reside in them. [ 1 ]
Pathos (plural: pathea) is an appeal to the audience's emotions. [6]: 42 The terms sympathy, pathetic, and empathy are derived from it. It can be in the form of metaphor, simile, a passionate delivery, or even a simple claim that a matter is unjust. Pathos can be particularly powerful if used well, but most speeches do not solely rely on pathos.
Book II gives advice for all types of speeches. Aristotle's Rhetoric generally concentrates on ethos and pathos, and—as noted by Aristotle—both affect judgment. Aristotle refers to the effect of ethos and pathos on an audience since a speaker needs to exhibit these modes of persuasion.
However, Aristotle argued that speech can be used to classify, study, and interpret speeches and as a useful skill. Aristotle believed that this technique was an art, and that persuasive speech could have truth and logic embedded within it. In the end, rhetoric speech still remained popular and was used by many scholars and philosophers. [27]
He says rhetoric is arranged under three headings – “first of all, the power of the orator; secondly, the speech; thirdly, the subject of the speech.” [7] The orator's power consists of ideas and words, which must be “discovered and arranged.” “To discover” applies mostly to ideas and “to be eloquent” applies more to language. [8]
Pathos represents an appeal to the audience's emotions. [10] This appeal can be achieved by the use of metaphors, storytelling, or general passion. In order to appeal to an audience's emotions during the speech's delivery, the speaker must first take the audience's emotion into account during the early invention phase.
The opening words of St. Paul's speech addressed to King Herod Agrippa II and his sister Berenice, in Acts 26:2-3, have been described as "a standard captatio benevolentiae". [3] During the Middle Ages, it was used in court cases to gain the judge's favor, with lavish praise of the judge's wisdom considered most effective by Guillaume Durand. [4]
The rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse) are a broad traditional classification of the major kinds of formal and academic writing (including speech-writing) by their rhetorical (persuasive) purpose: narration, description, exposition, and argumentation.